Articles grouped under this topic.
On Muhammad’s orders, Jarir’s forces tore down and burned Dhul Khalasa, the “Yemeni Kaaba,” and killed those they found there. Islamic sources record how a regional sanctuary was destroyed while Mecca’s Kaaba and selected pilgrimage rites were retained under Islam.
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A comprehensive critical examination of the philosophy of religion, exploring the origins of religious belief, the concept of God, divine attributes, and philosophical arguments for God's existence. Drawing on epistemology, logic, metaphysics, psychology, and modern scientific inquiry, this volume evaluates the rational foundations of theism,…
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Islamic sources document muta marriage under Muhammad and its continuation until Umar’s prohibition. Conflicting reports, the Companions’ practices, and provisions concerning minors, paternity, maintenance and inheritance raise fundamental questions about consent, women’s rights and Islam’s claim to immutable morality.
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An examination of mukhannath and khuntha in Islamic texts, tracing rulings on exile, social exclusion, employment, marriage, and inheritance, and assessing their implications for the dignity and rights of hijras and gender-diverse people.
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Traditional Islamic law depends on hadith for the interpretation and application of Quranic commands. From prayer and dietary rules to criminal punishments, hadith supplies details absent from the Quranic text. This dependence also raises questions about treating human transmission and interpretation as immutable divine law.
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An examination of child abuse and corporal punishment in Islamic texts and jurisprudence. Drawing on hadiths, classical legal rulings, and scholarly fatwas, this article explores the religious justification of beating children, the authority granted to parents and teachers, legal liability for physical harm, and the…
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This article critically examines rape laws in classical Islamic Sharia, exploring how the four-witness requirement, restrictions on women’s testimony, and limitations on forensic evidence can obstruct justice and expose victims to punishment.
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An examination of blasphemy, religious intolerance, and idol destruction in Islamic scripture, prophetic biography, and classical jurisprudence, exploring the tension between demands for respect for Islam and the destruction of other religions’ sacred images and places of worship.
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This article examines slavery in Islam through the Quran, hadith, prophetic biographies and the classical jurisprudence of the four Sunni schools. It analyses the legal framework governing enslavement through warfare, the trade in human beings, and sexual access to enslaved women. The central argument is…
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Gnosticism is an ancient and revolutionary religious-philosophical movement that challenges the foundations of conventional belief. It holds that the visible world was not created by a benevolent and merciful God, but is a defective prison fashioned by an ignorant craftsman known as the Demiurge. In…
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Abrahamic mythology is the combined epics of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. This article analyzes this vast narrative not from a religious point of view, but rather in the light of literature, history and anthropology. From cosmology, the fall of Adam, the flood of Noah to…
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The claim that Islam gave women the highest status and unprecedented rights does not withstand examination of the Qur’an, sahih hadith, and classical fiqh. The familiar portrayal of pre-Islamic Arabia as a society in which all women were completely rightless, unable to own property, conduct…
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This article presents a detailed theoretical classification of religions. In addition to analyzing the various forms of faith on the basis of the number and nature of God (monotheism, polytheism, pantheism), its organizational structure (Church, Sect, Cult) has also been reviewed from a sociological point…
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The Sumerian civilization developed in the fertile valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates River in Mesopotamia was the first well-organized society in human history. After leaving the nomadic life behind, people attaining stability through agriculture and animal husbandry, realize their smallness in front of the…
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Islamic Sharia assigns non-Muslims a subordinate status through restrictions on worship, religious propagation, public office, legal testimony, and compensation for homicide. Drawing on classical Islamic sources and evidence from Bangladesh and Pakistan, this article examines how religious discrimination becomes embedded in laws and institutions, challenging…
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This article offers a critical, source-based examination of Prophet Muhammad’s character and actions, highlighting contradictions between popular myths and authentic Islamic texts. Using direct references from the Quran, hadith, and historical sources, it raises questions about Muhammad’s claim to moral greatness and invites readers to…
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